Fundamental Principles of Management: A Theoretical and Practical Overview

Abstract

This study aims to explore the basic principles of management from a theoretical and practical perspective in the context of Indonesian organizations. Using a qualitative approach through literature study, this study analyzes various academic references, organizational reports, and case studies related to the application of management functions. The results of the study indicate that classical management principles such as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling remain relevant, but need to be reinterpreted according to the development of the times and the organizational environment. A gap was also found between theory and practice, especially in the implementation of management in Indonesian organizations that still face structural, cultural, and resource challenges. To bridge this gap, an integrative strategy based on organizational learning, contextualization of local values, and strengthening of transformational leadership is needed. This study contributes to the development of more applicable and contextual management theories, as well as practical recommendations for organizations in implementing management principles effectively and adaptively.