Curriculum Transformation and Educational Innovation: A Comparative Analysis of Human Resource Development Approaches in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the transformation of curriculum and educational innovation in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia and its impact on human resource development. Using a qualitative method based on literature studies, this study examines the education policies of both countries based on academic documents, policy reports, and previous studies. The results of the study show that Indonesia implements a more flexible curriculum through the Merdeka Curriculum, while Saudi Arabia is reforming education within the framework of Vision 2030 which focuses on improving technology-based skills and economic diversification. However, both countries face challenges in implementing policies, including inequality in access to education, teacher readiness, and social resistance to curriculum changes. From the perspective of constructivism theory and human capital theory, this educational transformation has had a positive impact on improving workforce readiness and strengthening human resource competitiveness. However, a more structured strategy is still needed to strengthen educational infrastructure and increase the relevance of graduate skills to industry needs. This study recommends that both countries continue to develop innovation-based education policies, improve teacher training, and expand access to education for marginalized groups. Thus, curriculum reform can be more effective in building superior human resources at the global level.